Ethics and the War on Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Morals and the War on Terrorism - Research Paper Example I characterize the issue as applies to global and human rights viewpoints, its starting point, and perspective in favor and against utilizing of torment in the war against fear. Psychological oppression isn't ethically reasonable, nor is there a solitary procedure fruitful in tending to the issue of fear. In this manner, different analytical offices apply joined procedures of social occasion insight as for fear exercises. Be that as it may, moral and good contentions include the war against fear, as the strategies used to assemble data from uncooperative suspects are illicit (Blakeley, 2011). The main of these is the utilization of torment methods in social affair insight. The topic of the moral viewpoint on the utilization of torment in tending to dread keeps on evoking energetic discussions, with each side holding harsh perspectives on the theme. Torment involves the way toward incurring extreme agony to somebody to constrain the person in question to do or say something. It a commonsense methodology utilized since prehistoric time against detainees of war, suspected extremists and spies and political detainees (McCoy, 2012). Be that as it may, as for psychological warfare, the administrations recognized the type of viciousness called fear based oppression in the period somewhere in the range of 1970s and 1980s. Subsequently, this is the place the authentic cause of the relations between torment psychological oppression likewise starts. Governments utilized the foundational torment in clashes against renegades, radicals, and opposition bunches more than several years previously. Be that as it may, the inquiry remains whether these contentions comprise the war against psychological warfare. Governments regularly allude to their non-state vicious adversaries as fear based oppressors. In any case, the determining of their contri bution in psychological oppressor movement, in different cases, stays an easily proven wrong subject. Since the 9/11 attack on America, the subject of the utilization of torment to increase helpful data from

Video games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Computer games - Essay Example Computer games, for example, spruce up games permit people to test different attire blends on visual attributes and this helps clients in distinguishing what blend of garments look great. Computer games, for example, dating games permit clients to recognize practices that may pull in another individual or may turn them off. This empowers people in distinguishing practices that are socially worthy. There are different contrasts in the games that target kids and those that target grown-ups. As indicated by Balter kids having a place with classes somewhere in the range of fourth and eighth grade lean toward playing computer games that are increasingly rough in nature and these games for the most part incorporate characters that are legendary in nature or contain plots dependent on human based savagery (Balter, 2000). Then again grown-ups play computer games that are more methodology based and connected with their work. These games may incorporate securities exchange computer games just as games that help grown-ups in making systems for drawing in

Role of a Palliative Care Nurse

Job of a Palliative Care Nurse Palliative Care The job of the master palliative consideration nurture is mind boggling and exceptional. The medical caretaker works as a necessary piece of a Multidisciplinary group, giving master gifted evaluation and nursing care, supporting the patient and the family to settle on educated decisions consequently promising the patient to keep on settling on self-sufficient choices about their consideration towards an amazing finish. Be that as it may, frequently the medical attendant will wind up managing troublesome relational intricacies with relatives having varying desires for the sort of care that the patient ought to get, staff strife over treatment techniques or methodologies and high remaining tasks at hand. These issues can just aggravate the weights on the Palliative Care Nurse and to adapt to the numerous situations she should be very much furnished. The mind boggling requirements of the in critical condition patients and their families make the multidisciplinary group approach the best strategy for care Staff from a scope of controls including clinical, nursing, social work, dietitian, physiotherapist, drug specialist and others bring different and extraordinary abilities. As a group they give a fantastic sounding board to moral situations in this way ideally upgrading moral practice. (Latimer, 1998) The Nurse in her job is required to go about as patient supporter and guarantee that the patients rights are regarded. Tragically this support is some of the time apparent contrarily as a risk or suggested analysis of clinical consideration. Specialists need to tune in to the attendants progressively precise point of view of patient concerns. Consistency over the group prompts better results for patients. Strengthening a similar data by both clinical and nursing staff help to alleviate tolerant tension undeniably more than clashing perspectives on such things as manifestation control. (Jeffrey, 1995) The individuals from the Multidisciplinary group now and again settle on choices with respect to medications, which they may see to be of the most advantage to the patient while in reality the patient, doesn't see the advantages in a remarkable same manner. Attendants have more delayed contact with the patient than most different individuals from the group because of the hands on quiet consideration that they do. They frequently set up a nearby compatibility with the patient and the family and are well on the way to know about the patients likes, aversions, expectations and dreams and are conscious of regularly sensitive and exceptionally private subtleties of the patients life. The very certainty that the medical attendant invests such a great amount of energy with the patient makes them bound to know about this sort of data. Specialists adjusts in a Palliative Care Unit empower the specialist to spend maybe 30minutes greatest every day in conversing with the patient. In the network , arrangements times with Doctors are prohibitive and Home Visits restricted. Quiet Nurse reliance proportions in clinics and palliative consideration units imply that Nurses are going through roughly four hours out of every day on balanced patient contact. Once more, other colleagues are exceptionally constrained in the measure of time they go through with patients because of the quantity of customers/patients they may have. A dietitian for instance may go through 15 minutes with a patient twice during their six-week remain in a Palliative Care Unit or 30 minutes as an outpatient throughout the Terminal disease. Social specialists regularly invest significant stretches at an energy with patients and additionally their families in protracted conversation anyway these conversations may just happen multiple times over the time of the ailment. In this way the Nurse is unquestionably bound to know about issues influencing quiet consideration. There can be numerous challenges for the Nurse master giving great consideration to palliative patients while regarding their entitlement to self-rule in the setting of the Palliative Care Unit, the job of the Nurse is to meticulously evaluate the requirements of patient and family. These necessities might be continually changing and there is no space for the Palliative Care Nurse to get smug in her patient consideration. Indications might be physical, for example, agony, sickness, and dyspnoea or psychosocial or otherworldly. In distinguishing care needs the medical caretaker must have the option to figure out who is the most proper colleague to allude to give ideal administration of these necessities. For example despite the fact that the master medical caretaker will have guiding aptitudes, she should know about her restrictions and allude on where fitting to advocates, therapist or social laborer. Mount (1993) recommends that we should initially take care of physical needs and th at to do this we need a point by point information on therapeutics. Talented tuning in and meticulousness are vital in Palliative Care. Our listening aptitudes not just apply to what the patient is stating, yet what they might be leaving implied. Nonverbal signals, for example, outward appearances and attitude, the need to hold the entryway to their room open consistently or to continually keeps the shades drawn. With the goal for patients to settle on decisions they should be precisely and fittingly educated, yet Vachon (1993) recommends that while parental figures now and again choose not to mention to patient and family what is probably going to occur, at different occasions they may give a lot of negative data not permitting the patient and family to have any expectation. Patients need to know at what stage their illness is and their forecast so as to pick where to invest their residual energy. The moral correspondence of data ought to be opportune and wanted by the patient, precise and given in words reasonable to the patient and family and passed on in a delicate, aware and sympathetic way. (Latimer, 1998) A case of such correspondence would be that when asked by my patient (talking about his fungating tumor) When will this thing on my neck quit spilling? I have to tenderly however honestly clarify that it will no doubt keep on spilling blood and liquid until he bites the dust yet in ad dition that we will keep on containing the liquid and limit the inconvenience and endeavor to mask the seepage apparatus decently well. To not educate him regarding the inevitability of the liquid release proceeding is to urge him to have bogus expectation and desires and further dissatisfaction when the release proceeds and presumably compounds. In any case, the medical attendant needs to perceive that a few patients don't wish to have data transferred to them for example a patient who would not like to discuss her sickness future and kept on denying that her ailment was terminal. Dont reveal to me that, I dont need you to state those words! However regard for quiet self-sufficiency requests that patients be offered genuine responses to their inquiries. Without this, patients become increasingly dubious and unfit to settle on choices about their future. Biting the dust patients are by temperance of their physical and passionate circumstance, delicate and defenseless their treatment and the board during this last period of their life must be of an elevated expectation both expertly and morally. The Nurse and different individuals from the group should look to do the best for the patient and their family. This incorporates regarding independence, through the arrangement of honest data and helping them to set practical objectives while giving real mindful consideration during the full course of the sickness. Arrangement of manifestation control relies on precise evaluation. McCafferty and Beebe (1989) propose that we dont consistently make appraisal simple by the way that occasionally we dont promptly accept what the patient lets us know or the patient may deny having agony or reject help with discomfort despite the fact that they might be harming. The master Nurse ought to recollect that the individual with the agony is the authority-they are the person who is experiencing the experience and we should trust them on the off chance that they reveal to us they have torment. It is very simple to permit ones own qualities and convictions to cloud our judgment Unfortunately I have witnessed it where a medical attendant as a rule not experienced in Palliative nursing will say something, for example, He says he has torment appraised 8 out of 10 yet he doesnt look troubled or She was snickering and chatting with her guests 5 minutes prior and now shes humming for help with discomfort. Such remar ks show the Nurses numbness and absence of comprehension of torment. It appears to be evident that they don't comprehend about adjustment or interruption or that giggling invigorates the unwinding reaction all through the body frameworks by bringing down circulatory strain, developing breathing and discharging endorphins. Likewise critical is the requirement for the medical caretaker to investigate further if a patient denies torment regardless of signs that they are in reality enduring torment. There may different purposes behind forswearing for instance; here and there our language when posing inquiries about the patients torment might be wrong. A few patients may not think about a dull consistent throb as torment yet a hurt. Others may feel sore. Different words, for example, distress and weight might be utilized rather than Pain We as medical attendants need to maintain a strategic distance from distortion by utilizing such different words. The Nurse needs to investigate the issue of torment and help to recognize the source. Area. Force, and Quality of the agony help to recognize the source. Eg. Bone, instinctive or nerve torment. Recognizing the source helps in deciding the suitable treatment technique. The master Nurse will know that nerve agony won't react also to sedatives and that neuroleptic specialists need to utilized. As recommended before, as Nurses invest the most energy with the patients they can get the most data on the patients reaction to torment the board plans, they can teach patients on the need to take normal analgaesia; and they can be the most compelling in the executives of torment (Lindley, Dalton and Fields, 1990). Obviously we as medical caretakers in Palliative Care should know that not all torment will react well to customary or conventional medications. Seeing a patient in torment and attempting every single pharmacological strategy without progress is troubling for staff just as the patient and it is then that medical attendants should additionally endeavor to utilize different strategies, for example, unwinding, interruption and music. Studies have sho

UPenn Change in Admissions Policy

UPenn Change in Admissions Policy August 20 Ivy Coach is referenced today on the pages of the University of Pennsylvanias newspaper. Ivy Coach is referenced today on the pages of the newspaper of the University of Pennsylvania, The Daily Pennsylvanian. The piece, written by Tiffany Yau, is entitled Students, applicants respond to Penns changed testing requirements and it focuses on how the admissions office at the University of Pennsylvania will no longer be requiring applicants to submit scores from the essay portion of the SAT or ACT. As the article points out, this elimination of the essay requirement makes it easier for international students applying to Penn, since its quite often a section they struggle with. Heres where we stand on the change in policy: Brian Taylor, director  of New York-based college consulting firm Ivy Coach, does not  believe the change will positively benefit economically disadvantaged students, suggesting that with or without the essay, they have the same level of potential to do well on the exam. How does it make it more fair [economically]? It doesn’t. They’re still requiring other sections, he said. [The essay] definitely is one of the more coachable sections of the SAT. You can go in there with a prompt, what you’re going to write about, and no matter what that prompt is, you can write about that subject. That is what any good SAT taker would do.' Ivy Coach is further referenced later on in the piece when Yau writes, When the College Board implemented the writing section to the SAT ten years ago, many were convinced that admission officers would compare students’ SAT essays to the personal statement included in the Common Application, Taylor said. When you have 25 minutes to complete [the essay], it will not be the same as the type of writing that you would have if you had unlimited time to write a personal statement, he explained. The fact is that admission officers often didn’t compare the two samples. There wasn’t as much value as what people thought there would be.  Taylor added that illegible penmanship served as another setback. It is very hard to decipher high school handwriting, he said. The fact is that many admissions officer at highly selective colleges have always thought of the SAT as out of 1600. Even though it changed for some years to a 2400 scale (its now returning to the old scale on the new SAT), this metric never changed in their minds. They always evaluated the writing score separately from the math and reading scores. Thus it comes as no surprise to us that the admissions office at Penn is dropping this requirement. We wouldnt be surprised if other colleges soon follow suit.

Essay On Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird - 815 Words

Martin Luther King Jr was a person that had been discriminated against because of his race. At the time, there was segregation between blacks and whites. They had to use a separate sink, water fountain, and even movie theaters. If the blacks got in trouble the consequence was 10 times worse than whites consequence. They were beaten for the simplest mistakes. Martin Luther King Jr. was the one that made a difference. He found a way to lead majority African Americans across the Edmund Pettus Bridge to go to Montgomery as a protest. On March 7, 1965, they went with all blacks which was a fail. On the next march, they went with blacks and a few others that werent black and police let them through but MLK thought it was a trick. On March 25,†¦show more content†¦This is no different from when surveillance cameras show that you didn’t do anything but you still get put in jail for the crime. Philando Castile is a good example of how their is a video showing that a police off icer shot him 7 times and the police officer was found not guilty of second-degree manslaughter. Atticus Finch life has been impacted by discrimination when he was fighting the case between Mayella and Tom Robinson. The evidence is found in Chapter 9 on Page 110 which states â€Å"‘If Uncle Atticus lets you run around with stray dogs, that’s his own business, like Grandma says, so it ain’t your fault. I guess it ain’t your fault if Uncle Atticus is a nigger-lover besides, but I’m here to tell you it certainly does mortify the rest of the family—’†(Lee 110) This means Atticus is open minded and he doesn’t discriminate against anyone. This is no different from when students are at lunch and they let any and everyone sits at the table. Discrimination is something that people use to get back at others but its no need. If more people were like Atticus the world would be able to process much smoother. You wouldn’t have to be intimidated to go places and get judged. Discrimination has impacted Calpurnia’s life when Scout pleads with Atticus to discharge her from her job. The evidence is found in Chapter 3 Page 33 which states â€Å"...staying behind to advise Atticus of Calpurnia’s iniquities was worth a solitary sprint past the RadleyShow MoreRelatedRacial Discrimination in To Kill a Mockingbird Essays636 Words   |  3 PagesTo kill a mockingbird is an extremely powerful book highlighting the horrors of racial discrimination in the â€Å"Deep South† of the United States of America. Discuss. To kill a mockingbird is an extremely powerful book highlighting the horrors of racial discrimination in the â€Å"Deep South† of the United States of America. It focuses on the racial issues concerning a staunch, typically â€Å"white† country town in the â€Å"Deep South.† This essay however deals with the various trials and tribulationsRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird: Discrimination Essay873 Words   |  4 PagesDiscrimination is prevalent in the story â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, the most obvious being the excessive amount of racism (Lee). Racism is the easiest to see but there are more forms of discrimination (Lee). Boo Radley is ostracized from the community when truly nobody really knows him (Lee). People discriminate Scout for being a tomboy not a lady (Lee). The last one that no one ever thinks about is how reverse racism is seen when people threaten Atticus for defending Tom Robinson in court (Lee)Read MoreEssay On Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird859 Words   |  4 Pagestreated just like everyone else. Society usually affects natural biases. Influenced by society, prejudice is the theme which prevails, drastically affecting people’s lives in To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee and â€Å"Caged Bird† by Maya Angelou. Isolation, or feeling isolated is an effect of prejudice. In Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird, Arthur Radley is a character who has never been seen outside of his house for years. Thus, rumors and assumptions about Radley stabbing one of his parents and stalking peopleRead MoreEssay On Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird955 Words   |  4 Pages Why is there discrimination? Discrimination is everywhere in the world and there always has been. People are discriminated against because they are different, whether that is ethnicity, religion, social class or gender, everyone is going to be discriminated against because they aren’t â€Å"normal†. Society can fight back, they don’t have to accept this hatred that prevails throughout the world. Everybody just needs to have courage, integrity and tolerance, the necessary traits to help end the discriminationRead MoreEssay On Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird1090 Words   |  5 Pagescalled prejudice. People have thoughts like these everyday, every hour, every minute, every second, this does not mean it is right. In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the people of Maycomb have these thoughts against people like Tom Robinson or Walter Cunningham. But there are some strong characters that go against all the discrimination against these people.Harper lee conveys that a persons income or race does not make them less of a person through the words, thoughts, and actionsRead MoreEssay On Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird815 Words   |  4 PagesPeople often say that thinking like a child is immature and wrong, but what if it could change someones perspective on life? In To Kill a Mockingbird children seem to view big things like injustice and discrimination differently than adults. Children are able to understand the right and wrong of situations from a different perspective. â€Å"Scout, I think I’m beginning to understand something. I think I’m beginning to understand why Boo Radley’s stayed shut up in the house all this time...it’s becauseRead MoreEssay On Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird1092 Words   |  5 PagesDiscrimination, it has been part of human nature for a long time, especially relevant subject in literature such as To Kill a Mockingbird. In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, the main character of Scout Finch was exposed to different types of discrimination as she grows up. Discrimination affected the lives of characters in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mocking Bird because of society’s prejudicial views of race, gender, and class. Discrimination based on race is a huge part of this story, particularlyRead MoreEssay On Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird2101 Words   |  9 PagesDiscrimination can be defined as a â€Å"prejudiced or prejudicial outlook, action, or treatment† (Discrimination. Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2017.). Discrimination and prejudice make justice difficult to achieve, allowing inequality to ensue. In the film To Kill a Mockingbird, directed by Robert Mulligan and in the film A Time to Kill, directed by Joel Schumacher, this issue is obvious. Both films take place in the Southern United States at a time when racism was at itsRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Discrimination Essay766 Words   |  4 PagesMansour 1 Batoul Mansour Mrs. C. Disley ENG1Dc 12 December 2017 Behind the discrimination of maycomb Unfair treatment makes discrimination evident. Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird takes place when The Great Depression occurred during the 1930’s in an Alabama small town called â€Å"Maycomb†. To Kill a Mockingbird is written in the perspective of a little girl by the name of Jean Louise Finch (Scout finch) who is a stubborn, impulsive and outspoken little girl who throughout the novel gainsRead MoreEssay To Kill a Mockingbird: An Analysis of Discrimination893 Words   |  4 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: An Analysis of Discrimination The most important theme of the 1960 Pulitzer Prize winning novel To Kill a Mockingbird is author Harper Lee’s tenacious exploration of the moral nature of people. Lee tenaciously explores the moral nature of human beings, especially the struggle in every human soul between discrimination and tolerance. The novel is very effective in not only revealing prejudice, but in examining the nature of prejudice, how it works, and its consequences

The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin - 1254 Words

Kate Chopin provides her reader with an enormous amount of information in just a few short pages through her short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour.† The protagonist, Louise Mallard, realizes the many faults in romantic relationships and marriages in her epiphany. â€Å"Great care [is] taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband’s death† (Chopin 168). Little do Josephine and Richards know, the news will have a profoundly positive effect on Louise rather than a negative one. â€Å"When she abandoned herself,† Mrs. Mallard opened her mind to a new way of life. The word usage shows that the protagonist experienced a significant change. This life wouldn’t be compromised by her partner’s will, which will enable her to live for†¦show more content†¦Shortly after her hysterics subsided, however, a positive and hopeful tone takes over. References are made to â€Å"new spring life† and â€Å"the delicious brea th of rain† (Chopin 169). These word choices indicate to the audience that a turning point is near. Spring, water, and freshness are associated with new beginnings and optimism. The specific wording creates an expectation of positive change and new horizons in Mrs. Mallard’s life. Chopin begins directing the audience’s attention to the coming epiphany upon stating â€Å"It [is] not a glance of reflection, but [indicates] a suspension of intelligent thought† (Chopin 169). Attention is brought to Louise’s mental state as it calms from hysterics. Chopin continues to foreshadow Mrs. Mallard’s epiphany, describing physical changes that occur before the emotional and mental shift. Even the epiphany is described in a physical sense, creeping slowly and reaching out towards the protagonist (Chopin 169). The protagonist’s chest starts to rise and fall rapidly, and something draws near to possess her (Chopin 169). The changes are being describe d in a physical manner as her epiphany draws near. Foreshadowing is commonly used to indicate what change of events or turning point will occur at the climax. In this instance, Chopin uses it to build the expectation of Louise’s epiphany. The second way Chopin indicates the epiphany is revelation of information. The author’s use of foreshadowing prepares her reader for the newShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1241 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin is a wonderful short story bursting with many peculiar twists and turns. Written in 1894, the author tells a tale of a woman who learns of her husband’s death, but comes to find pleasure in it. Many of the elements Kate Chopin writes about in this story symbolize something more than just the surface meaning. Through this short story, told in less than one thousand one hundred words, Kate Chopin illustrates a deeper meaning of Mrs. Mallard’s marriage with herRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin855 Words   |  4 PagesThe Story of an Hour In the â€Å"Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, is about pleasure of freedom and the oppression of marriage. Just like in Kate Chopin’s story, inside most marriages, even the ones that seem to be the happiest, one can be oppressed. Even though, one might seem to be happy deep inside they miss the pleasure of freedom and living life to the fullest. Just like, in this story Mrs. Mallard feels trapped and when she hears about her husband’s death she first feels distraught, but ultimatelyRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1457 Words   |  6 PagesEmotions and Death Everyone who reads a story will interpret things slightly different than the person who reads it before or after him or her. This idea plays out with most every story, book, song, and movie. These interpretations create conflict and allow people to discuss different ideas and opinions. Without this conflict of thought there is no one devoting time to debate the true meaning of a text. Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† tells about a woman who is informed of her husbands deathRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin987 Words   |  4 PagesIn Kate Chopin’s short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† reader’s see a potentially long story put into a few pages filled with rising action, climax and even death. In the beginning of the story, character Louise Mallard, who has a heart condition, is told of the death of her husband by her sister and one of her husband’s friends. Afterwards Mrs. Mallard is filled with emptiness and then joy of freedom. This joy of freedom is actually what consequently leads to her death in the end when she discoversRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1061 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, readers are introduced to characters whose lives change drastically in the course of this writing. Through Kate Chopin’s story we can identify many different themes and examples of symbolism in her writing. Chopin’s choice of themes in this writing are no surprise due to the time frame of which this story was written. Chopin often wrote stories with of women’s rights, and is noted as one of America’s first open feminists. As this story of an ill, helplessRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin972 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin expresses Ms. Mallard’s feelings towards her husband’s death in an appalling train accident. Due to her bad heart, her sister Josep hine had to be the bearer of bad news and approach his death gently to her. According to the quote, â€Å" But now there was a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought†, it lets us know thatRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin998 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The story of an hour† by Kate Chopin was a story that was ironical yet profoundly deep. As a student I have been asked to read â€Å"a story of an hour† many times, and every time I’m surprised by how I enjoy it. People can read thousands of stories in their life times and only a handful will every stand out to them, stories that can draw out an emotion or spark a thought are the ones that will standout more. For me and â€Å"a story of an hour† the thought of freedom is what draws me the most as a teenageRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kat e Chopin1542 Words   |  7 PagesIn the short story, â€Å"Story of an Hour†, Kate Chopin writes about a woman with heart trouble, Mrs. Mallard, who, in finding out about the death of her husband, Mr. Mallard, experiences some initial feelings of sadness which quickly transition into the exhilarating discovery of the idea of a newfound freedom lying in front of her. When it is later revealed that her husband is not actually dead, she realizes she will not get to taste that freedom. The devastation kills her. What Mrs. Mallard goes throughRead MoreThe Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin596 Words   |  2 PagesIn â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† Kate Chopin focuses on the idea of freedom throughout the story. Mrs. Mallard is a lonely wife who suffers from heart trouble. She is told by her sister Josephine and her husband’s friend Richards that her husband has passed away in a train accident. She locks herself in a room expecting to be devastated, but instead feels freedom. Later, she exits her room and her husband walks through the door, causing her to die of a heart attack. Chopin uses this story to demonstrateRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin886 Words   |  4 Pages In Kate Chopin â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, the reader is presented with the theme of prohibited independence. In Kate Chopin â€Å"The Storm†, the scenery in this story builds the perfect atmosphere for an adulterous affair. The importance of these stories is to understand the era they occurred. Kate Chopin wrote stories with exceptional openness about sexual desires. In â€Å"The Storm†, a short story written by Kate Chopin in a time when women were expected to act a certain way and sexual cravings was considered

Research Methods in Social Science

Question: Discuss about the Research Methods in Social Science. Answer: Introduction: Ability to listen is an important attribute of conducting a qualitative research as it helps to acquire more knowledge and understanding about the research. It also helps the participants to recount their individual experience to the maximum possible extent without any interruption (Yin 2015). It also helps to build up the rapport of the researcher with the participants that facilitates the research process. For example, good listening skills during a personal interview with a manager of the organization upon which the research is being conducted can influence the manager to tell about his personal experience with the organization. Qualitative research is messier than purely scientific research because it has plenty of choices and the researcher negotiates actively between multiple methods, multiple theories and multiple paradigms for creating meaningful research. It allows the researchers to conduct research activity in parallel to other activities as it offers the variety, flexibility and opportunities for experimentation in multiple social contexts (Bhattacherjee 2012). Qualitative research has to deal with the humanity issues along which needs more consideration of ethical issues making it messier than pure scientific research. For example, while conducting qualitative research, the researcher need to undergo a set of analytic strategies which includes other activities besides research activities. Managing the field team is done by surveying the individual team members and average their individual scores for creating composite scores for the team variables like conflict and cohesion on the level of the team (Trochim and Donnelly 2001). Based on the scores, tasks are divided within the team in such a way every team member get adequate task based on their eligibility. Research tasks are prioritized by placing the most important tasks on the top of the list structured for the research and the least important tasks on the later part of the schedule, thereby conducting a systematic research. 1. Observes the everyday activities and ordinary events as they occur naturally along with the unusual occurrences. 2. Involvement with the people who are studied and experiences personally the daily social life processes in the field settings. 3. Acquires the viewpoint of the insider with the maintenance of the analytical perspectives while focusing on the specific aspects of settings and usage of theoretical sampling. 4. Usage of the social skills and techniques according to the situation along with the critical thinking skills 5. Data production in the form of written notes, pictures, maps or diagrams with detailed descriptions (Neuman 2006). Presentation of self-affects the work of a field researcher as they ask sensitive questions to the respondents. They feel reluctant to answer those sensitive questions like questions about alcohol or drug abuse, sexual behavior or mental health problems as answering them may threaten their self-estimation and this affects the work of the field researcher. The personal skills of the field researcher, which are reflected in the research work, can also affect the participants and their participation in the research. For example, the behavioral skills can affect the knowledge sharing of a participant which ultimately affects the quality of research. The attitude of strangeness is the process of making the tacit culture visible. It is a technique of field research in which the researchers mentally adjusts themselves to see the field events as an outsider. The researchers tend to adopt this technique in the familiar surroundings as intimate acquaintance with the familiar culture can create blindness. The benefits are that it facilitates discovery of self and cultural elements become easily visible. For example, the researcher always has an expectation from the participants like the expectation of a gift giver to hear thanks for the nice gift.' It influences the researcher to reconsider the own social world. Participant observation tells about the vote canvasser networks that are underpinned by the dyadic relationships that are on a long-term basis, both horizontal and hierarchical between the voters, vote-canvassers and the candidate (Chattharakul 2011). All these factors continue to be the crucial factors for winning elections. Participant observation methodology helps to gain a close and intimate familiarity with the participants that is very important for collecting efficient data in qualitative research. The participant observation in the article provided by Chattharakul (2011) documented the way by which the candidates can draw up a map of an election campaign to identify the voters for maximizing their vote-canvassing strategy. Participant observation allowed the researcher to understand the vote canvassing networks as it offered the researcher to have a close-up study of the underlying mechanisms of a campaign of Thai election. The researcher documented the process by which the candidates draw up the map of election campaign after identification of the voters for enhancing their strategy of vote canvassing. The participate observation helped the researcher to find out the influence of money, political factions and corrupt local politicians upon rural voters. From participant observation, it has been also understood that the middle-class voters are familiarized with alternative policies. Swell Sculpture Festival is celebrated in Queensland in Australia and the managers of the festival implement the concept of participant observation as the strategy for audience development for managing and understanding the expectations of the audiences. This technique of participant observation helps to illustrate the understanding of the behaviors of the visitors with their artwork interaction. Through the help of participant observation methodology, the researcher can understand the behavioral features of participants and the important skills of interaction. The participant observation helped in getting structured information about the organization or the event upon which the research is being done. Political ethnography helps to understand the role of politics in everyday life as it focuses on the relationship of everyday life with politics. Some of the mundane aspects of life are rooted in the nation or state politics and ethnography demonstrates the deep roots of politics of a country imbues the subjects with particular practices and discourses. For example, in the article provided by Goffman (2009), the researcher was able to draw implications related to the prior treatments of poor and policing and the area of improvement regarding broader sociological questions of punishment along with the surveillance in the modern era. The limitation of using only ethnography as the basis to develop public policy is its relation with reliability. The replication of the ethnographic research carried out on public policy in the natural setting is not reproducible. In addition, controlling the external variables for the development of public policies is not possible because of longer duration of observation (Goffman 2009). Ethnographers include their personal experience for pursuing questions and reviewing data, it can lead to biases in directing the inquiry and analysis. In addition, this method relies upon presentation of critical incidents which is difficult for hypothesis testing. The author wants to manage the ethical aspect of surveillance and punishment in the modern era as with the increase in imprisonment, the daily life of the Black communities is affected. The poor treatment of the poor and the public policing is the ethical issue the author wants to manage for their betterment. I would, as an ethical manager, laid down the ethical guidelines for abiding the law so that they can avoid the punishment. The author attempted to provide implications for viewing the punishment and imprisonment related matters as major sociological questions which are needed to be solved for improved status of black people. Becker argues that should there be values or not among the sociologists while undertaking the studies to analyze the problems. It has been a point of a dilemma for the sociologists that Becker puts forward whether to stay neutral or exhibit a deep commitment while conducting the studies. Staying neutral is value free and commitment involves a value position that the author argues about which side to take. On considering a situation when researches are carried out especially in the sectors of schools, asylums, hospitals, etc., sociologists consider that their work is biased. In such situations, the conflict exists in the hierarchy but has not turned into openly political (Becker 1966). I agree with the main contention of Becker regarding taking of sides as per our political and personal commitments as it will use our technical and theoretical resources for avoiding the distortions that may be introduced into our work. It will also help to carefully limit the conclusion and recognition of the hierarchical credibility. But at the same time "The hierarchy of credibility" is one such feature of our society whose existence cannot be denied. Sometimes even if there is disagreement in terms of the decision or any other work, we cannot deny the decision of the one at the top position. Basic assumptions of traditional interviews are opinion democratization, respondent-researcher duality and respondents as knowledge vessels. Human beings are expected to share common experiences and the roles of the respondent and the researcher are formalized. All the researches that are being conducted are depended on certain assumptions that constitute valid method. These assumptions shape the process of interview and the practice of the sociologists and therefore have a greater contribution towards the validity of the research. For example, certain qualitative researchers based on their philosophical perspectives reject or accept the framework of "validity" that differs from the quantitative research according to sociology. Structured interviews are mainly concerned with the respondent-researcher duality whereas unstructured interviews are lesser stringent regarding the interviewing assumptions and in-depth interviews are built on the concept that delving into the deeper self of the respondent delivers more of the authentic information (Marsiglio 2013). Structured interview can be conducted for the simple gathering of information and when the participant gets deviated from the original question asked. Unstructured interview can be conducted for an informal communication and questions in such cases are open-ended, flexible and can thus be adapted for modification if required. In-depth interviews are conducted for the important matters requiring serious discussions. In the process of active interviewing, the interview is considered as a social event or occasion and the respondents along with the researchers create the social reality based on interactions. In this process of interview, the respondents are expected to take on many active roles. The unit of analysis in this type of interview is not focused on the individual and it is how the interaction shapes the expression and story of the respondent. The main characteristics of an active interview are a structured plan, a quick interviewer, spontaneous respondent and a descriptive topic to be discussed on. In comparison with the traditional approach of interview, active interview allows constructing a bridge to the ongoing interactive contingencies in respect to the interview process. Field research interview is the process of collection of primary data in either the original form or available otherwise using the methods of direct observation, postal surveys, telephone and face to face interviewing whereas survey research interview involves collecting information from the individuals on a specific topic by the methods of questionnaires, interviews and surveys. Field interviews are open-ended and is intended for the collection of the individual experience whereas friendly conversations are informal without any collection of formal information. A field interview involves collecting, conserving and also disseminating the data in order to reach a conclusion. Whereas, a friendly conversation is an informal act that is held between a small group of individual without a purpose. Ethical dilemmas occur as the field researchers get personally involved with the social lives of the respondents. These occur mostly when the researchers are in the field and have lesser time for making moral decisions without consulting others. These situations occur unexpectedly in the process of interacting and observing in the field. The most significant ethical dilemmas of a field interview involve the involvement of a researcher into the personal and social lives of an individual. Although there exist questions on the moral status of such interviews, in certain field survey activities can only be evaluated by studying covertly (Liamputtong 2009). The validity and utility of the information that is obtained by interviewing the elites are dependent on the research design of the analyst. Poorly structured and prepared interviews yield poor information and shift the focus of the interview. Therefore, it is important to be thoroughly prepared when undertaking interviews with the elites. In order to conduct such interviews, it is very important to have a conceptual mapping. An elite individual values time and thus it is very important o conduct the interview with a good knowledge to manage the formal conversation within a specific duration. For example, a study revealed that it took around fifteen to twenty calls to arrange an interview of political elites in Russia. (Beamer 2002). Elite interviews tap into the political constructs, as they are difficult to examine otherwise. They are important as they involve the belief of the political actors. Conceiving the representations by the legislators, extending the institutional co-operation and bipartisan within the state government, coalition building, party leadership and the influence and power of the executives are all answered by the elite interviews. Moreover, the study of such interview reflects on the process-tracing studies, new historical changes of policy ratification or its execution. The elite interviews n also help in the form of a pre-test to aid an individual to distinguish the process that needs to be analyzed in future. Developed procedures of sampling enhance the study validity and reliability and ensure that captures the entire range of interviews. It allows the researcher to gather rich information funds while conserving the resources. In terms of a multiple sampling comparabilities of samples can be done and also information of representative elites from every state can be obtained. Moreover, it reduces the chance of generating biased sample. This also provides an opportunity to get a wide range of view of the elite respondents. Therefore, for carrying out the elite interviews, sampling is an essential factor in its single and multiple states. The chapter on Paula and Kelly provides an in-depth analysis of the political view of the young mothers of Australia. From the interviews, it can be said that both Paula and Kelly have sufficient awareness of politics and Paula had a strong awareness of the complex political affairs of decision making, when compared to Kelly. Both these women viewed politics as a mean for the wellbeing of their children but there viewpoints were different (Brett and Moran 2006). Therefore, it can be well said that both of them were politically aware. Using direct quotations for the presentation of the findings can be attributed to the fact that it clearly reflects the speech and though of the historical figures in the discussion. In this chapter, the views of both the young mothers were quoted to express their opinion regarding the political awareness of the Australian young mothers and the critique by the author has been kept in contrast to support or justify the comments. Direct quotes have also helped to connect the ideas of the young mothers with the authors ideas to produce an argument. There is an intersection of politics, class and nation and that has been specifically exemplified both in the case study and the book. From the case study, it can be found that the young mothers were politically aware, although with different views, and they were concerned about the well-being of their children as the future citizens of the nation with respect to the class of people they belong to. The book discussed the various political ideologies based on the social dimensions of the ordinary people of Australia, belonging to different classes that intersected all the three parameters (Brett and Moran 2006). Qualitative research is the ideal choice for presentation of the detailed account of the excerpts over quantitative as quantitative studies concentrate more on the analysis and measurement of the target concepts and often misses the contextual details. For this kind of studies, individual interpretation of the opinions and events is essential that is possible only with qualitative analysis. The excerpts were rich in the views of the common Australians from their perspectives and data collection would not have been possible with data collection tools, as it is done in quantitative research. Therefore, the researcher for conducting the research aptly selected qualitative research. Cyr analyzed from the past ten years that focus groups are currently under-utilized as data collection method and this can be found from the fact that relatively less number of articles over the past ten years have included the focus groups. The presentation and content of the focus group data also vary significantly. This can be seen from the fact that few of the articles carefully specified the type and number of participants whereas others have missed it. For example, it has been observed that most of the researchers mostly on individual focus group although more information can be obtained from the interactive and individual pool. Focus groups aim to generate the conversations that help to uncover the opinions of the individuals regarding an issue. The group consensus also is revealed in cases where they are found as the issues at hand (Cyr 2015). The data collection potential rises from the range of perspectives and experiences for the focused conversations that are uncovered. One of the most significant uses of the focus group is learning of the socially marginalized pool and understanding of society dynamics. Moreover, it has been reported that the focus group is presently used in the practice of arrangement or gathering of a manageable set of conversations which gets uncovered during the study. 1. An individual unit of analysis is essential for triangulating the other methods and the focus groups play an important role to elicit and survey the multiple reactions to a question and the group dynamic is not important in this form of analysis. The norms of an individual unit analysis suggest that the scientifically identified findings are the most precious if and when applied to all types of individuals. The research articles do not rely exclusively on the focus groups for making their arguments and the focus groups here do not represent the general population. 2. The group unit of analysis is efficient as a pretest for assessment of the measurement validity. Here, the focus groups inform the researchers of the existing consensus for the interesting phenomenon. In this process of analysis, the researchers are confronted with the desirability bias for the methods of data collection that includes surveys and interviews. Every group unit of analysis entails a confined population which must be outlined in the study design procedure of operationalization. Although the group unit of analysis might be operationalized as mean of individual scores, they are of interest to the researchers. 3. Sometimes interactions amid social beings are considered to be a unit of analysis in study. Interactive unit of analysis is appropriate for the exploration studies and exploits the comparative advantage of the focus groups regarding their social setting and dynamics. They rarely confirm the expectations that are derived from the previous theory and data and are oriented to derive new hypothesis. For example, research where books, jokes, wars, laws, etc. are involved in the interactions. Focus groups offer to provide several advantages to the feminist research that includes addressing the ethical concerns demonstrating the ability of the researcher in the process of data collection. It also helps to provide interactive and high quality data and offers a route for studying an individual in context to the social world. Historical studies reveal that the individualistic investigation methods have always dominated the feminist research and psychology. The feminist qualitative research thus can be strengthened through the construction and expansion of interviews conducted on feminist group. The focus group data should be differentiated from the data collected from the in-depth qualitative interviews as it is a distinctive form of analysis and allows observing the interactions taking place between the group members. The strength of the opinion of an individual is analyzed by the focus group that is not possible by the in-depth analysis and therefore, they should be differentiated. Moreover, in-depth qualitative interview needs to be more structured and interactive, whereas the focus group data collection method involves more statistical analysis. Focus group aids the concern of co-construction of reality as it helps to build the understanding of the social world rather than atomistic individualism of individual interviewing (Wilkinson 1998). They focus on the social context influences and the self-relational aspects and give a clear understanding of the reality of the situation. Individual interviews are differentiated from the focus groups on the basis that focus groups provide a better understanding of the individual along with his environment in the context of realities. Focus group simulates more real world response than individual interview. The focus group helps in understanding the commonalities and differences within a segment, whereas an in-depth qualitative interview is very narrow or specific. Running a focus group takes the research into the unexpected and new directions and help the researchers to get engaged in the interaction that is argumentative and complementary. Argumentative includes the parameters of disagreement, challenging and questioning whereas complimentary includes the parameters of sharing of common experiences. Data collection process includes the similarities and differences of the group participants. It is a cost-effective technique where contradictory views can be challenged, and new ideas can be formed. The final result is that running a focus group helps to build a cognitive structure of research after eliminating unwanted ideas and takes the research into a new direction (Kitzinger 2003). Interactions are fundamental in a focus group as it leads to an interventionist style, helps to continue the debate, which would have otherwise ended, challenging the casual reality of the people and encouraging them further to discuss the inconsistencies between their own thinking and participants (Kitzinger 1994). Interaction in focus group allows comparison of views and evaluating the threat present in research. Proper interaction between focus groups allows researcher the time to frame their research in a correct way based on shared perception of ideas. Therefore, interaction plays a significant role in building up the communication process between the participants (Kitzinger 2003). Differences between participants are important when undertaking the research of focus group, as the research participants in a group are never homogeneous entirely. Kitzinger states that there might be unanimous agreement to some views or disagreement with certain ideas. The group dynamics in focus the group may sometimes deviate people from taking about the central theme of research. It does not always mean that it is an inhibitive group as many a time they have helped break the ice and speak about taboo topics. This causes the facilitator to explore the opinion differences and encourage the participants for theorizing the existence of diversity for their viewpoints (Kitzinger 2003). Qualitative methods include specific demands for actively engaging the researcher. Reflexivity is not only individual's interview. It is represented by the entire research approach that begins with a good understanding of self-perception in the research procedure with a clear research conclusion. In the qualitative research methods, the researcher has to think critically beyond the results got from the data analysis thus reflexivity is very important for qualitative research (Walter 2006). It is important because it acknowledges that the researcher has analyzed the data collected during the research. Coding is an essential part of qualitative data analysis. It can be defined as the process by which the collected data are being organized for data analysis during research. While coding, the segments of data are marked with descriptive words, symbols or category names. The purpose of coding data during a research work is to categorize data according to the type or nature of the data collected (Walter 2006). It is done for making the data analysis process easy. After coding the data, similar data under a particular category can be treated in a similar way which would reduce the risk of misinterpretation of data. While dealing with data, transcripts and coding for analysis of the collected data during qualitative research, some specific concepts or ideas would be found assisting in the explanation or interpretation of data, these concepts are known as themes. Codes are given to each data and based on the codes similar data are categories and from similar data having the same code, a theme generates (Walter 2006). The primary analytical procedures identified by Kitzinger include organizing the data, researching the data, developing categories and themes, coding the data, giving interpretation through analytic memos, finding alternative information and writing the report for presentation. Each phase involves reducing redundant data to maintain the purpose of work and guides the researcher to manage information competently. Interpretation is the most crucial process as it imparts meaning to raw data and transforms it into valuable findings. Finally, the data may be presented in different formats by balancing description and analysis. Researchers may take different approaches in reporting and delivering the content accurately (Stevenson 2016). Coding of data is enabled long-term storage of the data by compressing it and is profitable to the researcher especially in the later stages of analysis when he requires the information. Codes like an abbreviation, dots, numbers, highlighting passages, etc. helps in generating categories and themes which facilitate analysis. The constant comparison and coding of data are necessary to achieve theoretical saturation and refinement of the data. The assembling of code helps in organizing themes and linking each of them coherently. It minimizes the chance of error in research work and increases the credibility of data (Stevenson 2016). Ways of writing a report include Presentation of data through interviews where participant response guides the report. Linking of descriptive data and practices to theories. Trying to build a theory with data collected from various institutions and drawing theoretical consideration. Storylining, where the relationships and categories are utilized to clarify the findings in the form of a story. Concept mapping includes representation by a graph, by using graphical software programs. I think presenting data by linking theory with practice is an ideal method as it helps in analyzing practices and views which are complementary to relevant theories (Stevenson 2016). The Silvermans assessment of qualitative research data identifies the aesthetic aspects of qualitative research. He feels that contemporary cultural responses hamper understanding of researchers, and he finds a modern culture of qualitative research to be inaccurate. He uses the word bullshit' to describe some qualitative methods because, in recent research, aesthetic values of research are ignored. He analyzed that researcher pays more attention to theory but not how to apply it. Secondly, the focus is on the perception of the participant but not on the origin of the particular idea. Modern research is also at the risk of leaving standard methods and relying on creating methods (Li 2014). Silverman regard experience as particularly important because it facilitates the application of qualitative research. The role of qualitative research is often ignored in real life, so experience helps in being aware of stereotyped views. This kind of experience helps in the practical application of research in society. He stresses that experience helps in knowing the standards of qualitative research. It facilitates understanding the needs of the responsive audience as well as the maintaining credibility of research. Therefore, experience promotes proper mobilization and dissemination of research findings. It helps in knowing the strength and weakness of qualitative research (Li 2014). The anti-bullshit agenda was triggered by Silverman's critical diagnosis of the modern culture of qualitative research as bullshit'. The anti-bullshit agenda by Silverman is an approach to outline certain criteria, which a social researcher should try to abide by. It includes factors such as clarity, economy, reason, beauty, and truth. This agenda enables the researchers to keep certain criteria in mind while presenting data. Silverman is commending this agenda because he feels that in current qualitative research, researchers ignore the aesthetic value of qualitative research. His main aim is to form research idea with precise reasoning so that research report is presented in aesthetically pleasing style and language (Li 2014). The most challenging aspect according to me was the coding of research data, as I was thoroughly confused the topics I should code and the number of codes I should include in my analysis of interview transcript. Things can get haphazardly arranged if codes are not assembled in a logical and systematic manner. So, I was very cautious during the coding process and tried not to make my presentations go wrong in any way. However watching the video of a qualitative analysis of interview data helped me much in understanding the procedure for coding of research data. The best part of analyzing interview transcript was reading the different interview articles. It was a learning experience for me and allowed me to review and understand the various aspects of an interview. It also eased the collection of required data, since it facilitated access to the necessary information by looking up the text rather than listening to an audio or video repetitively (YouTube, 2016). Secondly, collecting information from different journal articles expanded my knowledge about the research topic. It helped me in developing my analytical skills as I focused on identifying new information from journal articles or recognizing any discrepancy or ideas that have not yet been explored. The main themes incorporated by me include Adaptation - This includes updating rulebook changing schedules and new routines. Seeking information - This encompasses reading journals, attending meetings and talking to co-workers Problem Solving - which includes identifying and quick fixing of problems. Presentation of research- I learned many methods of presenting and reporting my findings. It will help me in the future to present data according to situations of work. Knowing the importance of focus group- The work on focus group helped me realize the importance of interaction in getting new ideas and cross-comparison of opinions. References Beamer, G., 2002. Elite interviews and state politics research.State Politics Policy Quarterly,2(1), pp.86-96. Becker, H.S., 1966. Whose side are we on.Soc. Probs.,14, p.239. Bhattacherjee, A., 2012. Social science research: principles, methods, and practices. Brett, J. and Moran, A., 2006. Ordinary People's Politics: Australians talk about life, politics and the future of their country. Chattharakul, A., 2011. Thai electoral campaigning: Vote-canvassing networks and hybrid voting.Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs,29(4), pp.67-95. Cyr, J., 2015. The pitfalls and promise of focus groups as a data collection method.Sociological Methods Research, p.0049124115570065. Goffman, A., 2009. On the run: Wanted men in a Philadelphia ghetto.American Sociological Review,74(3), pp.339-357. Kitzinger, J., 1994. The methodology of focus groups: the importance of interaction between research participants.Sociology of health illness,16(1), pp.103-121. Kitzinger, J., 2003. The methodology of focus groups: the importance of interaction between research participants.Interviewing,1(1), p.347. Li, L., 2014. The Unremarkable Things Matter: A Book Review of David Silverman's A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book about Qualitative Research.The Qualitative Report,19(9), pp.1-4. Liamputtong, P., 2009. The in-depth interviewing method.Qualitative research methods, pp.42-63. Marsiglio, W., 2013. Conducting qualitative in-depth interviews. Neuman, W.L., 2006. Field research.Social Research Methods-Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, pp.378-414. Stevenson, C.N., 2016. Analyzing Qualitative Data: Visualizing Lived Experiences.Mixed Methods Research for Improved Scientific Study, p.123. Trochim, W.M. and Donnelly, J.P., 2001. Research methods knowledge base. Walter, M., 2006. Social research methods. South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. Wilkinson, S., 1998, February. Focus groups in feminist research: Power, interaction, and the co-construction of meaning. InWomen's studies international forum(Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 111-125). Pergamon. Yin, R.K., 2015.Qualitative research from start to finish. Guilford Publications. YouTube. (2016).Qualitative analysis of interview data: A step-by-step guide. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRL4PF2u9XA [Accessed 9 Jul. 2016